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SQL_Keywords

Sep 28, 20242 min read

DataBases

# Introduction

In this node I explain some basic keywords in combination with SQL

Listed Keywords

# VIEW

# UNION

# WITH

# VIEW

refers to a virtual table based on one or more tables. A view allows you to store complex queries and retrieve them as if they were a single table.

# Example of a simple VIEW

Assuming you have a table employees with columns employee_id, name, and salary, you could create a simple view to display only specific information:

CREATE VIEW EmployeeInfo AS
SELECT employee_id, name
FROM employees;

Now, you can use the EmployeeInfo view to display only the employee_id and name columns instead of searching through the entire employees table.

SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo

# UNION

is used to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements and remove duplicate rows.

# Example of a UNION Statement

Let’s consider an example with two tables, students_math and students_physics, both with columns student_id and name. We want to create a list of all unique students who have either studied math or physics:

SELECT student_id, name FROM students_math
UNION
-- UNION ALL - for distinct entries 
SELECT student_id, name FROM students_physics;

giving us a list of distinct students, who have studied either math or physics. If a student has studied both, duplicates are removed, and the result set contains a unique list of students across the two tables.

# WITH

allows you to define a named query result temporarily and then use it as if it were a table in the rest of your SQL statement. It’s a way to break down complex queries into more manageable parts for better readability and maintenance.

# Example of a WITH Statement

Let’s say you have a table employees with columns employee_id, name, and salary, and you want to find the average salary and display employees with salaries above that average:

WITH AverageSalary AS (
  SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
  FROM employees
)
 
SELECT employee_id, name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT avg_salary FROM AverageSalary);

In this example, the WITH statement creates a CTE named AverageSalary, which calculates the average salary from the employees table. The subsequent SELECT statement then uses this CTE to filter and display only those employees whose salary is above the calculated average.

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